Using IGBT power switch 500W solar inverter design

trends in the global green energy, more and more household appliances, lighting equipment, power tools, uninterruptible power systems (UPS), and other industrial equipment began to use solar power, solar energy conversion is required alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) voltage.
To produce these devices required voltage and current to the high efficiency, the power inverter needs to be properly combined controller, drive, and the output power devices. This article discusses this DC-to-AC inverter design, optimized specifically for single-phase sine wave output of 500W power, 120V and 60Hz frequency. 200V DC input of this design can be generated by the DC / DC voltage converter connected to the solar array battery panels.
for such applications, there are a variety of advanced power devices can be used,www.12vgridtiepowerinverters.com, such as a MOSFET, a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and IGBTs. However, in order to obtain the best conversion efficiency and performance, choose the right power for this solar inverter transistor challenging and very time-consuming.
years of studies show that the IGBT can provide more advantages than any other power device, which includes a greater current handling capability, with the voltage (rather than the current) is easily realized gate control, as well as integrated in the package ultra fast recovery diodes to achieve faster turn-off time.
IGBT, is a minority carrier device, it is the off time of the re-combination of speed depends on the minority carrier With the recent improvement of process technology and device structure, its switching characteristics have been significantly enhanced ,Grid tie inverter. In addition, IGBT with ultra-high performance and wide conduction safe operating area (SOA), the work is very stable. Based on these advantages, this article describes the power inverter choose IGBT as a power switch.
power inverters generally use the full-bridge topology, this solar inverter design uses four high-voltage IGBT (Figure 1). The transistors Q1 and Q2 are used as high-pressure side IGBT, Q3 and Q4 are used as a low voltage side power device. In order to maintain a low total power loss low and high power conversion efficiency, the DC / DC inverter solutions take advantage of the low pressure side and high-side IGBT frequency to 60Hz single-phase AC pure sine waveform. Another article written by the author also describes how to correct selection of high-voltage IGBT for such solar inverter applications.

switching IGBT
essence, in order to maintain the harmonic component is low and minimum power loss, the high voltage terminal of the inverter the IGBT using pulse width modulation (PWM), the low voltage side IGBTs are 60Hz frequency converting current direction. IGBT PWM frequency from 20kHz or more than 20kHz, and 50/60Hz modulation scheme by letting the high voltage terminal, the output inductor L1 and L2 in the examples can be made very small, and can still efficient filtering of harmonic components. In addition, the noise could be heard from the inverter is small, because the switching frequency is higher than the frequency of human auditory.
compare various switch technologies, and IGBT found to obtain the best combination of minimum power loss and maximum inverter performance the use of ultra-fast-channel type IGBT transistor of the high-pressure side, the use of the standard speed of the low voltage terminal transistor planar process IGBT ( Figure 2).




with rapid and standard speed planar devices, the switching speed of 20kHz ultra-fast channel the IGBT can provide the lowest total conduction losses and switching power loss. Similarly, for the low-voltage side switching circuit, 60Hz standard speed IGBT can provide the lowest power loss.
ultra-fast channel IGBT switching characteristics of study high-voltage (600V) can be clearly found that these devices work with the best performance in 20kHz. These devices can provide minimal switching losses at these frequencies, including lower collector-to-emitter saturation voltage (VCE (on)) and the total switching energy (ETS), so that the total conduction losses and switching power loss kept to a minimum . Therefore, the high-pressure side power devices usually use ultra-fast channel type IGBT such as IRGB4062DPBF.
fact, power inverter , is to further reduce the switching power loss in the same package, IRGB4062DPBF also integrates an ultra-fast soft recovery diodes. Transistor switching frequency of the high-pressure end of the election in 20kHz Another benefit is the output inductor can be made very small, so that the harmonic components of the filter is very easy. In addition, these IGBT does not require the short-circuit rates, as when the inverter output is shorted, the output inductor L1 and L2 will be limited to the current di / dt, leave a sufficient reaction time and thus to the controller.
In requirements IGBT short circuit rate can be higher than the same size of the short-circuit rate IGBT VCE (on) and higher ETS. Thus, the short-circuit rate requirements IGBT power loss would be bigger, and thus reducing the efficiency of the power inverter.
lower conduction and switching losses in the same package, higher current density, ultra-fast trench IGBT square reverse bias workspace and 175 ° maximum junction temperature, and able to withstand four times the rated current.
with high-end devices, the conduction losses are the main factors of the low voltage side IGBT. Switching losses of these devices is not obvious because the operating frequency of the low-pressure end of the transistors only 60Hz. The standard speed plane IGBT devices specifically optimized for low frequency and low conduction losses. Therefore, when the low-pressure end of the device switching frequency is 60Hz, the low-pressure end devices can use the standard speed of the plane IGBT to achieve the lowest power loss. http://www.gridtieinverter.de/
switching losses of these devices, so it will not affect the the standard speed planar IGBT total power loss. The standard speed IGBT IRG4BC20SD is the correct choice of the low voltage side of the power devices.

package integrated ultra-fast, soft recovery anti-parallel diode fourth-generation IGBT been optimized for minimum saturation voltage and low operating frequencies (<1kHz), typical VCE (on) at a current of 10A. is 1.4V. The same package diode connected across the low voltage terminal IGBT has a particularly low forward voltage drop and reverse leakage current, allows freewheeling (freewheeling) and during the reverse recovery loss minimum.
switching technology This design has the following advantages: high-pressure end, with the package soft recovery diode independently optimized to achieve high efficiency by allowing the high-pressure side and low-side IGBT; freewheeling time, eliminating unnecessary switch loss; IGBT switching frequency of the low voltage terminal of only 60Hz, conduction losses are the main factors for these IGBT; no cross-conduction, because any point in time switches have occurred in the right angle on two devices (Q1 and Q4, or Q2 and Q3); bus straight through the possibility does not exist, because the same edge of the bridge IGBT switch can never be in a complementary manner; jumper low-side IGBT with the package, the ultra-fast, soft recovery diode allows optimized freewheeling and anti- minimum loss to the recovery period.
features and performance
in the system-level power in the inverter circuit, each side of the H-bridge using a high voltage, high-speed gate drive IC for driving, and the IC has a separate channel of the reference output of the low voltage side and high voltage terminal (Fig. 3) . Drive IRS2106SPBF floating channel allows the bootstrap supply operation of the high-pressure end of the power transistor, Grid tie inverter .

Therefore, the high-side driver is no longer need for a separate power supply, which not only improves the efficiency of the inverter, but also reduces the number of devices of the entire system. Obsolete when the the diode flow of current on the low voltage side IGBT same package, drive bootstrap capacitor will be refreshed every switching cycle.
because of the high-pressure end of Q1 and Q2 the same package diode will not freewheeling through, mainly on the low-pressure end of Q3 and Q4 diode conduction losses, switching losses are very small, so the total system losses have been minimized, and the system efficiency maximized. The possibility of cross-conduction is also excluded, because any point in time the switch only occurs on the right angle of the two devices (Q1 and Q4, or Q2 and Q3).
Additionally, each output driver IC has a large pulse current cache level circuit, they are designed for reducing the cross guide of the drive-pass possibilities. System work in a single DC bus power, without negative DC bus. For the system as a whole, all these factors have led to a more efficient and less number of devices.
inverter design, +20 V power supply for the first time be used to supply to the microprocessor and control circuits. PIC18F1320 microcontroller used in the program of this inverter 8 will IGBT driver to achieve the source code, to provide a signal, and then from these IGBT drive ultimately generates a drive signal to drive the IGBTs.
Speaking of the drive, where the need to introduce. Design low end and the high-pressure side IGBT drive and free latch CMOS technology manufactured using patented advanced high-voltage IC process (G5 HVIC), the maximum operating voltage of up to 600V. They also use a high-voltage level conversion and terminating techniques to generate the appropriate gate drive signals from the low voltage input from the microcontroller. Drive logic inputs are compatible with standard CMOS or LSTTL output, the lowest level to 3.3V logic.
ultra fast diodes D1 and D2 provide a charging path to the capacitors C2 and C3, and to get the correct power supply to ensure that the high-pressure side drive. Within a half cycle of positive output, the high-pressure-side IGBT Q1 is sinusoidal PWM modulation, while the low voltage terminal Q4 keep the conduction state (Fig. 4). Similarly, in the half cycle of the negative output, the high voltage terminal Q2 sinusoidal PWM modulation, while the low voltage terminal Q3 remains turned on. This switching technology will be a 60Hz AC sine wave generated behind the output LC filter capacitor C4.




This inverter design output power is 500W, and the AC power output is the actual measured 480.1W, the power loss of 14.4W. 60Hz AC output voltage is 117.8V, and the output current of 4.074A. Figure 5 is the the 500W design output 60Hz waveform.

on the apparatus measured the efficiency is 97.09%. Uses a similar device, the inverter is adjusted to 200W output, and its conversion efficiency was measured again. The load on the AC power is 214W, the power loss of 6.0W. 60Hz output voltage is 124.6V, the output current is 1.721A. The measurement obtained in the rated power conversion efficiency of 97.28%. It has been observed at the lower output power (100W) can also be achieved equally efficient performance.




Figure 6 shows the measured output power level of from about 100W to 500W inverter power loss,power inverter. Show that it can be maintained in a very wide range of output power for the high output efficiency better than 97%, even if the power loss becomes large as the output power, the measurement of the efficiency of the inverter in the same output power range, under the same DC input (Figure 7).




In short, under the correct combination of the drive and the end of the high and low voltage IGBT, this solar inverter design in the output power range close to the range from about 100W to 500W, and can provide the same high power conversion efficiency performance. Due to high efficiency, low power loss will not bring any thermal management challenges, therefore, installed drives and high-voltage IGBT demo board can work to 500W fanless.

Using IGBT power switch 500W solar inverter design

trends in the global green energy, more and more household appliances, lighting equipment, power tools, uninterruptible power systems (UPS), and other industrial equipment began to use solar power, solar energy conversion is required alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) voltage.
To produce these devices required voltage and current to the high efficiency, the power inverter needs to be properly combined controller, drive, and the output power devices. This article discusses this DC-to-AC inverter design, optimized specifically for single-phase sine wave output of 500W power, 120V and 60Hz frequency. 200V DC input of this design can be generated by the DC / DC voltage converter connected to the solar array battery panels.
for such applications, there are a variety of advanced power devices can be used, such as a MOSFET, a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and IGBTs. However, in order to obtain the best conversion efficiency and performance, choose the right power for this solar inverter transistor challenging and very time-consuming. http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

years of studies show that the IGBT can provide more advantages than any other power device, which includes a greater current handling capability, with the voltage (rather than the current) is easily realized gate control, as well as integrated in the package ultra fast recovery diodes to achieve faster turn-off time.
IGBT, is a minority carrier device, it is the off time of the re-combination of speed depends on the minority carrier With the recent improvement of process technology and device structure, its switching characteristics have been significantly enhanced ,Grid tie inverter. In addition, IGBT with ultra-high performance and wide conduction safe operating area (SOA), the work is very stable. Based on these advantages, this article describes the power inverter choose IGBT as a power switch.
power inverters generally use the full-bridge topology, this solar inverter design uses four high-voltage IGBT (Figure 1). The transistors Q1 and Q2 are used as high-pressure side IGBT, Q3 and Q4 are used as a low voltage side power device. In order to maintain a low total power loss low and high power conversion efficiency, the DC / DC inverter solutions take advantage of the low pressure side and high-side IGBT frequency to 60Hz single-phase AC pure sine waveform. Another article written by the author also describes how to correct selection of high-voltage IGBT for such solar inverter applications.

switching IGBT
essence, in order to maintain the harmonic component is low and minimum power loss, the high voltage terminal of the inverter the IGBT using pulse width modulation (PWM), the low voltage side IGBTs are 60Hz frequency converting current direction. IGBT PWM frequency from 20kHz or more than 20kHz, and 50/60Hz modulation scheme by letting the high voltage terminal, the output inductor L1 and L2 in the examples can be made very small, and can still efficient filtering of harmonic components. In addition, the noise could be heard from the inverter is small, because the switching frequency is higher than the frequency of human auditory.
compare various switch technologies, and IGBT found to obtain the best combination of minimum power loss and maximum inverter performance the use of ultra-fast-channel type IGBT transistor of the high-pressure side, the use of the standard speed of the low voltage terminal transistor planar process IGBT ( Figure 2).




with rapid and standard speed planar devices, the switching speed of 20kHz ultra-fast channel the IGBT can provide the lowest total conduction losses and switching power loss. Similarly, for the low-voltage side switching circuit, 60Hz standard speed IGBT can provide the lowest power loss.
ultra-fast channel IGBT switching characteristics of
study high-voltage (600V) can be clearly found that these devices work with the best performance in 20kHz. These devices can provide minimal switching losses at these frequencies, including lower collector-to-emitter saturation voltage (VCE (on)) and the total switching energy (ETS), so that the total conduction losses and switching power loss kept to a minimum . Therefore, the high-pressure side power devices usually use ultra-fast channel type IGBT such as IRGB4062DPBF.
fact, power inverter , is to further reduce the switching power loss in the same package, IRGB4062DPBF also integrates an ultra-fast soft recovery diodes. Transistor switching frequency of the high-pressure end of the election in 20kHz Another benefit is the output inductor can be made very small, so that the harmonic components of the filter is very easy. In addition, these IGBT does not require the short-circuit rates, as when the inverter output is shorted, the output inductor L1 and L2 will be limited to the current di / dt, leave a sufficient reaction time and thus to the controller.
In
requirements IGBT short circuit rate can be higher than the same size of the short-circuit rate IGBT VCE (on) and higher ETS. Thus, the short-circuit rate requirements IGBT power loss would be bigger, and thus reducing the efficiency of the power inverter.

lower conduction and switching losses in the same package, higher current density, ultra-fast trench IGBT square reverse bias workspace and 175 ° maximum junction temperature, and able to withstand four times the rated current.
with high-end devices, the conduction losses are the main factors of the low voltage side IGBT. Switching losses of these devices is not obvious because the operating frequency of the low-pressure end of the transistors only 60Hz. The standard speed plane IGBT devices specifically optimized for low frequency and low conduction losses. Therefore, when the low-pressure end of the device switching frequency is 60Hz, the low-pressure end devices can use the standard speed of the plane IGBT to achieve the lowest power loss.
switching losses of these devices, so it will not affect the the standard speed planar IGBT total power loss. The standard speed IGBT IRG4BC20SD is the correct choice of the low voltage side of the power devices.
package integrated ultra-fast, soft recovery anti-parallel diode fourth-generation IGBT been optimized for minimum saturation voltage and low operating frequencies (<1kHz), typical VCE (on) at a current of 10A. is 1.4V. The same package diode connected across the low voltage terminal IGBT has a particularly low forward voltage drop and reverse leakage current, allows freewheeling (freewheeling) and during the reverse recovery loss minimum.
switching technology
This design has the following advantages: high-pressure end, with the package soft recovery diode independently optimized to achieve high efficiency by allowing the high-pressure side and low-side IGBT; freewheeling time, eliminating unnecessary switch loss; IGBT switching frequency of the low voltage terminal of only 60Hz, conduction losses are the main factors for these IGBT; no cross-conduction, because any point in time switches have occurred in the right angle on two devices (Q1 and Q4, or Q2 and Q3); bus straight through the possibility does not exist, because the same edge of the bridge IGBT switch can never be in a complementary manner; jumper low-side IGBT with the package, the ultra-fast, soft recovery diode allows optimized freewheeling and anti- minimum loss to the recovery period.
features and performance
in the system-level power in the inverter circuit, each side of the H-bridge using a high voltage, high-speed gate drive IC for driving, and the IC has a separate channel of the reference output of the low voltage side and high voltage terminal (Fig. 3) . Drive IRS2106SPBF floating channel allows the bootstrap supply operation of the high-pressure end of the power transistor, Grid tie inverter .

Therefore, the high-side driver is no longer need for a separate power supply, which not only improves the efficiency of the inverter, but also reduces the number of devices of the entire system. Obsolete when the the diode flow of current on the low voltage side IGBT same package, drive bootstrap capacitor will be refreshed every switching cycle.
because of the high-pressure end of Q1 and Q2 the same package diode will not freewheeling through, mainly on the low-pressure end of Q3 and Q4 diode conduction losses, switching losses are very small, so the total system losses have been minimized, and the system efficiency maximized. The possibility of cross-conduction is also excluded, because any point in time the switch only occurs on the right angle of the two devices (Q1 and Q4, or Q2 and Q3).
Additionally, each output driver IC has a large pulse current cache level circuit, they are designed for reducing the cross guide of the drive-pass possibilities. System work in a single DC bus power, without negative DC bus. For the system as a whole, all these factors have led to a more efficient and less number of devices.
inverter design, +20 V power supply for the first time be used to supply to the microprocessor and control circuits. PIC18F1320 microcontroller used in the program of this inverter 8 will IGBT driver to achieve the source code, to provide a signal, and then from these IGBT drive ultimately generates a drive signal to drive the IGBTs.
Speaking of the drive, where the need to introduce. Design low end and the high-pressure side IGBT drive and free latch CMOS technology manufactured using patented advanced high-voltage IC process (G5 HVIC), the maximum operating voltage of up to 600V. They also use a high-voltage level conversion and terminating techniques to generate the appropriate gate drive signals from the low voltage input from the microcontroller. Drive logic inputs are compatible with standard CMOS or LSTTL output, the lowest level to 3.3V logic.
ultra fast diodes D1 and D2 provide a charging path to the capacitors C2 and C3, and to get the correct power supply to ensure that the high-pressure side drive. Within a half cycle of positive output, the high-pressure-side IGBT Q1 is sinusoidal PWM modulation, while the low voltage terminal Q4 keep the conduction state (Fig. 4). Similarly, in the half cycle of the negative output, the high voltage terminal Q2 sinusoidal PWM modulation, while the low voltage terminal Q3 remains turned on. This switching technology will be a 60Hz AC sine wave generated behind the output LC filter capacitor C4.




This inverter design output power is 500W, and the AC power output is the actual measured 480.1W, the power loss of 14.4W. 60Hz AC output voltage is 117.8V, and the output current of 4.074A. Figure 5 is the the 500W design output 60Hz waveform.




on the apparatus measured the efficiency is 97.09%. Uses a similar device, the inverter is adjusted to 200W output, and its conversion efficiency was measured again. The load on the AC power is 214W, the power loss of 6.0W. 60Hz output voltage is 124.6V, the output current is 1.721A. The measurement obtained in the rated power conversion efficiency of 97.28%. It has been observed at the lower output power (100W) can also be achieved equally efficient performance.




Figure 6 shows the measured output power level of from about 100W to 500W inverter power loss,power inverter. Show that it can be maintained in a very wide range of output power for the high output efficiency better than 97%, even if the power loss becomes large as the output power, the measurement of the efficiency of the inverter in the same output power range, under the same DC input (Figure 7).

In short, under the correct combination of the drive and the end of the high and low voltage IGBT, this solar inverter design in the output power range close to the range from about 100W to 500W, and can provide the same high power conversion efficiency performance. Due to high efficiency, low power loss will not bring any thermal management challenges, therefore, installed drives and high-voltage IGBT demo board can work to 500W fanless.

Z - source inverter - based fuel cell vehicles

traditional fuel cell vehicles with the DC / DC converter and the post-stage DC / AC converter with the regulation, realize the wide scope of multi-method exchange motor speed control, the maximum output current of the DC / DC converter for fuel cell with power restraint, in order to maintain the fuel cell, while a voltage regulator regulating system line; the DC / AC converter to play the role of the power conversion master, on the system bus to electrical energy is changed to electrical energy suitable for motor running, while gripping the motor the operation, to form a model of two energy change. http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

traditional hard Boost topology boost switch conduction is large due to the topology boost factor than the verge, so switch conduction time is too long to switch cut-off time is too short, resulting in the loss and temperature rise is too large, prejudice to applicable limits the regulator scale. However often taken inverter installed facing due to the boost chopper circuit rated participate Boost, added system cost down conversion effectiveness; any cause of control failures or electromagnetic annoyance level of inverter tube straight through the destruction of the switch tube ; in order to prevent the switch from pipe straight to participate in the death zone affect the output current waveform, there is the problem of the large number of harmonics.
individual, two-stage efficiency is lower than the single-stage system. The new Z-source network can be applied a strange passive network buck conversion efficacy, but also insist on a single-level structure and high potency, have a good discussion. Z-source network pass-through time when the input voltage of the fuel cell is low, the introduction of work in boost mode; without adding direct time when the input voltage is higher, the Z-source network operating in buck mode. Thus, the proposed Z-source inverter network can be well adapted to the wide scope of the automotive fuel cell output voltage changes. Take Z-source capacitor voltage closed-loop control, solid given the fair, so that the voltage and the output voltage of the DC bus to adhere firmly to the capacitor voltage value.

traditional Z-source inverter, there are some disadvantages, by introducing a higher functions of the new Z-source inverter, the Z-source inverter in the traditional structure basically function more perfect, more satisfaction in fuel some requests cell vehicles with high discuss the value with use value. Its restraint can through the use of the voltage space vector modulation scheme, the longitudinal zero vector is applied to the role of the conventional zero vector interval, may simultaneously achieve gripping of the DC voltage does not affect the conditions of the effective output voltage vector relative sinusoidal pulse width modulation and other measures show the upper hand. However, the the traditional SVPWM way north to condition, helpless direct use of the Z-source inverter. To solve this problem, this paper given implementation. The new high-performance Z-source inverter topology structure, absolute in the traditional Z-source structure, a DC voltage side switch,power inverter, so the switch to master their be enunciated,Grid tie inverter.
1 Z source inverter
11 traditional Z-source inverter topology and working principle
voltage three-phase Z-source inverter main circuit topology shown in Figure 1.

顶一下

common LED drive circuit analyzes this paper important

 

electronic fever Friends Network,http://www.gridtieinverter.de/ .

The buck circuit capacitor is a common small-current power circuit, because of their sizes small, cost is low, the current is constant absolute strengths are often applied to the LED drive circuit.

Figure 1 for the the actual take capacitance buck LED driver circuit. Careful and utilize local convergence varistor or transient voltage restraint transistor circuit, Initiative connection on varistor or transient voltage system made transistor

voltage gradient moment (such as lightning, electricity equipment starting) effectively gradient current discharge, thus maintaining two shut with the other transistor, the response time of the individual micro-millisecond.

circuit works:

of

capacitor C1 for the buck with limited flow: As we all know, the characteristics of the capacitor is through exchange, every DC, When the capacitor convergence in exchange circuit, its capacitance calculations formula: XC = 1/2πf C

, XC performance capacitive reactance, f performance input AC power frequency, C represents the buck capacitor.

flows through the capacitor step-down circuit current calculations formula: I = U / XC

where I said that the current flowing through the capacitor, said power supply voltage U, XC, said the capacitance of the capacitor when the load voltage is much less than 220V, 220V, 50Hz AC circuit, the current and capacitance relational : I = 69C wherein the capacitor unit is uF, the current in units of mA

following table for 220V, 50Hz AC circuit current of practice with actual measuring current analogy

the

resistor R1 is the bleeder resistor, and its role as follows: When the sine wave at the maximum peak instant been intercepted, the residual charge on the capacitor C1 helpless release, long long existence in the repair if the human body is exposed to C1 of the metal sector strong electric shock may be the presence of resistor R1 residual charge can release let go, in order to protect human, machine insurance. Bleed resistor and capacitor size, the greater the capacity of the normal capacitor more remnants charge, bleeder resistor on the resistance would choose. Lessons following table, for the design of reference:

The role of

D1 ~ D4 is rectified, its role is the AC power is rectified to a pulsating DC voltage. The role of the C2, C3 for the filter,power inverter, its role is the rectified pulsating DC voltage into a stable DC voltage filtering. Varistor (or transient voltage system made transistor) the role of the input pulse high-voltage power supply in an instant on release let go, which cover LED transient high voltage breakdown. Depending on the number of LED series may be forward breakover voltage (Vf), 220V AC circuits, can be up to about 80. http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

 

component selection of the capacitor voltage is individual requests greater than the peak value of the input supply voltage, 220V, 50Hz AC circuit, the trade-offs withstand voltage of 400 volts or more polyester capacitors or paper media capacitor. D1 ~ D4 can choose IN4007. The filter capacitor C2, C3 of the breakdown voltage according to the load voltage, Common to 12 times the load voltage. Its capacitance depending on the size of the load current.

driver circuit capacitor buck

following schematic other situations, for design reference:

in the circuit of Figure 2, the thyristor SCR and R3 maintenance circuit, when the flow through the LED current is greater than the set value, the SCR conduction a certain angle, so the circuit current shunt, so that LED working in constant current situation, to prevent the LED from damage due to high-voltage transient.

composed of low-level power supply filtering circuit

circuit in Figure 3, C1, R1, varistors, L1, R2, able to enter an instant high-pressure filter composed of step-down circuit,Grid tie inverter, C2, R2, C3, C4, L2, and pressure sensitive resistor is composed of a filter circuit rectified. This circuit

take dual filter circuit to cover the LED is not an instant high-voltage breakdown destruction.

Figure 4 is a schematic capacitance antihypertensive use circuit, the application of two anti-parallel LED circuit for rectifying an AC voltage after the buck, can be generally applied to the luminous lights, buttons instigation lamp request not high the status of guidance lights and other places.

High-power high-frequency soft switching inverter

Introduction

inverter technology experienced nearly a decade of development, gradually replaced by backward-frequency thyristor rectifier technology into the era of high frequency conversion. The high frequency conversion technology process gone through its initial stage of that hard-switching PWM stages in recent years to enter its second phase, the soft switching PWM stages.

hard switching PWM converter topology. Mature technology suitable for mass production. Its main chip such as TL494, UC3525 and so more stable and reliable, which are hard-switching PWM inverter welding machine power converter is still the main reason to be widely used.

so-called hard-switching PWM (pulse width modulation), refers to the electronic switch in the power conversion process in the working conditions of the high-current or high voltage turn-on and turn-off instant, so the workpiece poor reliability , low efficiency, and electromagnetic interference is extremely serious.

so-called soft-switch technology, the device turned off at the main switch and turned on the moment, to achieve zero voltage across or current technology in power conversion technology. Is the terminology often said the ZVS (zero-voltage switching) and ZCS (zero flow switch) switching technology. Soft switching PWM power converter technology enough relative to the hard switching PWM technology is a revolutionary development, it does improve power reliability, efficiency, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) three basic performance to a considerable extent. Domestic counterparts, the development of high-power switching power supply is mostly hard-switching PWM control mode, only a small amount of soft-switching PWM, most of its soft-switching PWM phase shift control mode, the control chip, such as the UC3875 UC3879 UCC3895 , etc., using a phase shift control technique of power switching devices stress decrease the switching loss is reduced, thereby improving the overall efficiency. However, this soft switch also has many deficiencies and regret, such as:

(1) this high-power phase-shift control soft open Ge achieve soft switching is not full range;
(2) due to the presence of the circulation, switch conduction losses, light load efficiency is low, especially in the duty cycle is small, the loss is more serious,Grid tie inverter,power inverter;
(3) presence of parasitic oscillation output rectifier diode;
(4) in order to achieve the lagging leg ZVS, must be connected in series in the circuit inductance, which causes attributable reduce output capacity than the loss of space, increases the primary side current rating.

and phase shift control itself, there is a difficult to overcome the shortcomings, the deadtime bad adjust. When the load is heavy, due to the large circulation, the capacitor in parallel with the leading leg tube discharge faster, thus achieving zero voltage turn-on is relatively easy, but when the load is light, leading leg switch parallel capacitance discharge very slow , after leading leg switch must delay a long time to achieve ZVS conduction conduction.

defect of development and, to this end we absorb the traditional hard-switching PWM power converter topology, can wither the whole point is less reliable; while absorbing the shift easy to implement phase controlled soft switching PWM power converter overloaded ZVS, ZCS advantage of; launch new high-power full-bridge soft switch (FB-ZVZCS) technology to make super forearm for constant frequency width modulated control to achieve ZVS, lag arm for constant frequency constant width control to achieve ZCS. In order to achieve the super forearm the lagging arm umbrella range soft switch (FB-ZVZCS) of greatly improving the three indicators of the great merit prison switching power supply reliability, efficiency, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). Prove this control method is very good, said a revolution in the traditional hard-switching high-power switching power supply.  http://www.gridtieinverter.de/


full bridge soft switching

l (FB-ZVZCS) inverter
the
shape of the system board of the high-power pulse inverter welder lemon schematic diagram shown in Figure l. The circuit board of leads 18 feet, is independently developed by the combination of analog and digital circuitry within the circuit board, this circuit is capable of forming a soft switching the desired drive pulse.



inverter control board

1.1
full-bridge soft switch (FB-ZVZCS) of the control panel internal diagram shown in Figure 2. The pin functions are described below.

pin 1 connected to the work of the power supply (UDD = 12V or 15V); the
foot 2 pick working power ground;
pin 3 is a reference power source (UREF = 5V);
foot 4 to the inverting input terminal of the voltage error amplifier; the the
foot 5 for voltage error amplifier same to the input terminal; the
pin 6, pin ll connected to the timing capacitor (CT1 = CT2); the
pin 7, pin 12 connected to the timing resistor (RT1 of < RT2);
pin 8, the feet 13, respectively to the collector of the oscillator of the discharge tube, the pin 8, pin 6 is connected a resistor,power inverter, the feet 13 on the foot 11 is connected to a resistor. Two resistor values ​​should be equal, and change the resistor size super dead zone and hysteresis of the forearm arm can adjust the size of the dead zone; the
foot to ground by a capacitor, the capacitance from the soft-start ; the
foot 10 to the error amplifier output terminal;
feet 14 Close feet from feet can enter a 0.7V level about 4 group output are turned off; the the
pin 15 pin 16 width modulated pulse output, control soft switching full bridge (FB-ZVZCS) ahead of leg;
; feet 17 feet 18 for a fixed pulse width pulse output end the control soft switching full bridge (FB-ZVZCS) lagging leg.

1.2 inverter main circuit
full bridge soft switch inverter welding machine the primary circuit diagram shown in Figure 3. The welder input power for the three-phase power frequency AC voltage,Grid tie inverter.



works

2 inverter and waveform
waveform diagram shown in Figure 4, left arm leading leg, a constant frequency pulse width modulated excitation signal switch up and down two, right arm for the lagging leg, the upper and lower two switch excitation signal for the constant frequency pulse of constant width. Here we achieve soft switching for a brief analysis.







S1 and S4 are turned

of 2.1 primary Condition (t1 and t2), the inverter output energy to the secondary load, and then the working state and our usual way of working of hard-switching PWM .

2.2 Condition 2 (t2, t3)

S1 off, S4 to maintain conduction, because the S1 and S3

sinusoidal modulation wave

1 Foreword
as electricity, telecommunications, aviation, and large-scale information, data core industry of high-end equipment for increasing the capacity and quality of power supply system requests, including "large capacity", "high solid" and "uninterrupted "powered features, epitomizes high-end equipment is unique in its energy system and basic requirements. This paper examines the parallel DSP-based power inverter control system. The refurbishment of the article is the robustness requirements of parallel power supply system, to achieve a plurality of inverter module to contentment different load power and power. Inverter Parallel control skills seminars there are far-reaching social impact and social benefits.
2 DSP-based contact system analysis and design
analysis and hardware design of 21 single inverter power module
parallel scattered power system, first it is necessary to try to safeguard the consistency between the modules each module load characteristics and solid; satisfied with this request, the inverter main circuit structure change has been updated, high-frequency soft switching techniques also generally use DC / AC power inverter.
The high-frequency pulses DC link inverter in
is a new structure based on the principle of the resonant DC link inverter. The inverter both may achieve electrical isolation between the input and output, and can achieve zero voltage switching bridge power tube. http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

Figure 1 the main circuit of the inverter

1 inverter main circuit
inverter main circuit is shown in Figure 1. The main circuit consists of three local interwoven parallel forward conversion circuit, receiving circuit and full-bridge inverter circuit.
cover of the circuit, and output filter design
the present system, the filter inductor is taken as the overcurrent maintenance, shown in Figure 1 composed filter circuit Lr1, Lr2, and Cr. Filter inductor in series the straight converter with the receiver circuit between Lr1 with a smaller capacitor Cr at the output end of the inverter bridge Also in the series with another small inductance Lr2. Voltage feedback detection points to take to the inductor Lr1 front,this can play a limiting role. Filter inductor in the the current hysteresis dominated, on the one hand from the ripple effect from the role of the integrator, on the other hand, in the current loop. If Lr1 value is too large,Grid tie inverter, it will affect the the ① current tracking speed, slow the system dynamic response speed; ② steady precision of the output voltage is decreased; ③ The add to the volume of the system, components and capital. Inductor current change rate must be greater than the rate of change given current caliber protection given the current in the inductor current track, pursuant to push under

Lr1 where a - the rationality load power factor angle
Ubmax - the pulse voltage Uab of maximum peak
Uomax - peak output voltage
If Lr1 value is too small, the amount of the inductor current ripple increases, the quality of the output voltage will be affected, so the necessary level of the inductor current change amount. Through the calculations and the experimental circuit parameter choices are as follows Lr1 = 15mH Lr2 = 3 mH, Cr = 220 nF.
22 temperance sector circuit design and parsing
control important part of the circuit by a dedicated digital signal processor TMS320LF2407A and pulse width modulation integrated chip UC3524 formed,power inverter.
1 digital signal disposal TMS320LF2407A first volume
each inverter module
This system uses TI's digital signal processor MS320F2407A, are TI's TMS320C2XX series. From pre dispose of real-time data transmission, moving rapidly, as well as function of the price than other aspects discretion, The system selected TMS320F2407A.
the
2SPWM waveform generation
is still used in the design of dedicated pulse width modulation chip UC3524 SPWM waveform.

Figure 2 inverter module control schematic

by the figure 2 the DSP through high-speed D / A converter, sent to the UC3524 scale semi-sinusoidal modulation wave reference signals, the current limit reference signal and a carrier synchronization control amount of the control signal, etc.. In order to adjust the the SPW modulation waveform; localized in the left, straight conversion circuit and pulse width modulation chip UC3524 formed a double closed-loop system voltage and current feedback, which is the single inverter SPWM born and regulator control strategy center. This will ensure that the DSP as well as a large number of system resources system time various control algorithms and data transmission between modules, and machine effect.
23 between modules in parallel control department design
Distributed Logic parallel control method allows each inverter power supply module is not attached to the central control unit or one of the main module, can alone break detection and control of the working conditions of the modules in the system module output power between justice deployment and circulation between good restraint module, modular power inverter in order to achieve independence-breaking run in parallel with the power system control.

basis over the evacuation logic control practice analysis, taken in the design of evacuation control parallel redundant inverter dominated system. CAN bus between the modules in the system design as current interconnection, while the discretion of the practical use from the engineering point of the introduction of a set of synchronous bus in the system in, because the synchronous bus and the corresponding synchronized restraint strategy greatly simplifies Distributed Logic master parallel the redundant master plan to achieve.

Afull-bridgenon-isolatedphotovoltaicgrid

1. non-isolated photovoltaic grid-connected inverter
1.1 PV grid system
photovoltaic power generation is increasing year by year, the contribution of the world's energy,Grid tie inverter, and this for all to see.

IEA PVPS data show that in 2009, the project members install photovoltaic capacity the 6.2GW (installed worldwide about 7GW up and), of which more than 95% for the grid system, as shown in Figure 1.



Figure 1 photovoltaic power generation of the world's energy contribution increases every year
Data source: IEA PVPS, BS EN 60904-3-1993 Power Systems Programme of the International Energy
1,power inverter.2 photovoltaic power generation system
photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic cell array and inverter (Figure 2). Which grid-connected inverter system performance and cost of power generation plays an important role in the decision.
in accordance with transformer and grid-connected inverter can be divided into isolated and non-isolated, including: power frequency isolation grid inverter, high frequency isolation grid inverter, non-isolated grid inverter (single-stage and multi-stage).
-frequency isolation grid inverter (Figure 3) with electrical isolation and eliminate the current DC component, etc., but a large volume weight of high prices, only 94% -96% of the efficiency of the system.
the
high frequency isolation grid inverter (Figure 4) with electrical isolation, size,power inverter, weight, cost reduction and other advantages, but the efficiency of the system is only 90% -95%.
non-isolated and non-isolated single-stage grid-connected inverter is divided into grid inverters and two non-isolated grid inverter. Single-stage non-isolated grid inverter is suitable for higher PV voltage and power; while the two non-isolated grid inverter is suitable for a wide voltage range of the PV array, they have a maximum efficiency of 98.8%, small size, weight lightweight, low cost, but its drawback is that there is an electrical connection between the battery plates and grid.

Figure 2 the composition of the photovoltaic power generation system structure
Figure 3-frequency isolation grid inverter diagram
electrical connections for leakage current flow path is a high-efficiency non-isolated PV grid inverter applications biggest obstacle. The leakage current is generated the parasitic capacitance 150nF/kWp, caused by the switching frequency common-mode voltage source. Mostly used the circuit structure SPWM modulation strategy.
Figure 4 high frequency isolation grid inverter
2. non-isolated and grid-connected inverter commonly used circuit topology
the past, we often bipolar SPWM modulated full-bridge grid inverters (its topology in Figure 5), because its efficiency is not high, often used in low power situations, and there is no patent barriers.
Figure 5 Bipolar
SPWM modulation full-bridge inverter grid Billiton
here we want to introduce several patented topology.
2.1 Sunways company's patented topology (Figure 6)
single-phase two series: AT 2700/3000/3600/4500/5000:
single-phase single-stage series: NT 2500/3700/4200/5000;
the
three-phase two series: Three-phase IxIT 10000/11000/12000.
the 6 Sunways
patented topology
the company's patented topology
2,2 SMA (Figure 7)
single the phase two Series: SB3000TL/4000TL/5000TL;
single-phase single-stage series: SMC6000TL / 7000TL / 8000TL
/ 9000TL / 10000TL / 11000Tlo

the Company
Figure 7SMA patented topology
2,Grid tie inverter.3 half-bridge topology
level SPWM half bridge
two patent barriers, they have been widely adopted; Unipolar SPWM electric Pingban bridge.
3. improved full-bridge non-isolated photovoltaic grid-connected inverter
The single-phase grid
first look at the analysis of the leakage current of the inverter model (Figure 8) is how to solve the problem of single-phase grid-connected inverter leakage current.
filter branch: the network access filter, EMI filter and the grid parasitic dominated play a leading role in the common mode current loop impedance;
parasitic branch: parasitic capacitance constituted by the mid-point of the bridge arm, influence from the common mode current loop impedance:
by single-phase grid analysis of the leakage current of the inverter model (Figure 9) summarized two ways to eliminate leakage current:
(1) in a symmetrical circuit and parasitic parameters under the premise that meet
Figure 8 single-phase grid-connected inverter leakage current analysis model
single-phase grid analysis of the leakage current of the inverter model
VCM-DM: 0), the the VCM voltage produced by the SPWM switching mode for the constant value;
the SPWM switching mode VCM voltage of
(2) for the high-frequency time-varying circuit parameters matching makes VCM + VCM-DM = consto.

full bridge class single-phase grid inverter leakage current suppression techniques include:
(1), under the premise of a symmetrical circuit and parasitic parameters (i.e., meet the VCM-DM: O) SPWM switching mode generated V voltage is a constant value.
common circuit are the following:
full bridge circuit with AC bypass links;
full bridge circuit with DC bypass links;
full bridge circuit with the DC side of the bypass clamp;
improved functionality and efficiency optimization-based full-bridge circuit.
join a controllable switch and a two-way clamp divider capacitor branch.
theoretical analysis and experimental research
4.1 circuit structure and driver timing
the
main circuit structures of SPWM and drive timing work modal for the current positive half cycle and current negative half-cycle.
voltage clamp work freewheeling stage midpoint voltage with the grid voltage fluctuations, enhance the midpoint voltage or lower midpoint voltage.
loss analysis and calculation of
4.2 power devices
PV voltage 500V power 5kW level, for example (Figure 10), we study the following experimental conditions.
input voltage :340-700VDG
PV parasitic capacitance: 2 × 0.1 u F
grid: 220V/50Hz
network access filter: 4mH +6.6 u F
power: 1kW
switching frequency: 20kHz
form of circuit experiment listed below:
A: Haric
B: H5
C: H6
D: Optimized H5

the
10 power device loss analysis and calculation
Figure the 11 experimental A: Haric
5. conclusion
non-isolated PV grid inverter appliances with high efficiency, small size, light weight, etc.;
according to bridge non-isolated photovoltaic grid-connected inverter leakage current analysis model, we can draw two to suppress the switching frequency leakage current ways; http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

Domestic high-frequency transform small

70s of the 20th century and the early 20kHzPWM type switching power supply applications in the world caused the so-called "20kHz power technology revolution. Inverter power conversion method can be divided into the power frequency conversion and high frequency conversion. Power frequency conversion using discrete devices or manifold 50Hz square wave signal, and then to push the power switch, the signal-frequency step-up transformer 220V AC. This inverter power structure is simple, reliable, but due to the defects of the circuit structure itself, does not fit in with inductive loads, such as refrigerators, fans, pumps, fluorescent. In addition, this power inverter frequency transformer, thus bulky, heavy, high prices. Mainly used in large-scale solar photovoltaic power plants.
this to transform thinking at that time are used in power inverter system as soon as power devices are expensive, and a big loss, the study of the high-frequency high-power inverter has remained stagnant. 1980s, with the improvement of the quality of the power MOSFET technology matures and magnetic materials, high frequency conversion power inverter to market.

high frequency conversion power inverter by high-frequency DC / DC conversion technology, the first low-voltage DC into high frequency low voltage AC and high voltage DC rectifier and then a pulse transformer step. DC / DC converter using PWM technology, which can be obtained in this stable DC voltage, the voltage can directly drive the load of AC energy-saving lamps, incandescent lamps, TV. Class sine transform or sine transform to the high-voltage DC 220V, 50Hz Class sine wave AC or 220V, 50Hz sine wave AC. This inverter using high-frequency transform (now more 20kHz ~~ 200kHz), and therefore sizes small, light weight, and then the use of secondary width modulated and a secondary voltage regulator techniques, and thus the output voltage is very stable, and load capacity high performance and low cost, is the product of choice for renewable energy generation systems. AC photovoltaic system in the developed countries, small and medium-sized general use, but in the country, due to technical reasons and confusion in the market, some of the power inverter manufacturers has been to promote industrial frequency to transform power inverter, and some in order to reduce costs even silicon steel sheet, inverter power with low silicon flooding the market, making the AC photovoltaic system costs increased, will hinder the promotion of the exchange of PV systems for the development of the industry is very unfavorable.
domestic small and medium-sized power inverter power high frequency conversion problems analysis
At present, the problem of high frequency transform small and medium-sized power inverter power reliability is not high. Our many years of research, production and use Description: The main factors affect the high-frequency transform small power inverter power life electrolytic capacitors, optocouplers,Grid tie inverter, and magnetic materials.

Practice has proved that: the pursuit of longer life expectancy from the design aspects, rather than relying on the consumer. Measures to reduce the junction temperature of the device to reduce the device's electrical stress, lower operating current and high-quality magnetic materials can greatly improve its reliability. Domestic reason why the reliability of the high frequency conversion power inverter doubt, an important reason is that in order to reduce costs, some manufacturers still use the first generation of magnetic material developed in the 1970s, as TDK's H35, FDK H45 due to lower the saturation magnetic flux density of this magnetic material and the Curie point, and thus a long time when power is larger easily fault. We use the third-generation of magnetic material developed in the late 1980s, such as TDK's H7C4 FDK H63B and H45C, Siemens N47 and N67, not only to improve the conversion efficiency (3), but also improves the power inverter reliable sex. In fact, the TV and computer use in switching power supplies also proved the reliability of the high-frequency transform the way. The prolonged use of the user also prove the production of high-frequency transform small and medium-sized power inverter power with high reliability and efficiency, fully comparable with MASTERVOLT company products.
To improve the efficiency of the power inverter, it must reduce its loss. Inverter power loss usually can be divided into two categories: conduction losses and switching losses. The conduction loss is due to conduction device has a certain resistance Rds, so when the current flows will generate a certain power, the power loss Pc is calculated by the following formula: Pc = I2 × Rds. Device turn-on and turn-off process, the device is not only flows through the larger current, but also withstand high voltage, the device will also have a greater loss, this loss is called switching losses. Switching losses can be divided into the opening loss, turn-off losses and capacitor discharge loss.
http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

opening loss:
Pon = (1/2) × Ip × Vp × ts × f;
turn-off losses:
Poff = 1/2 × Ip × Vp × ts × f;
capacitor discharge loss:
Pcd = (1/2) × Cds × Vc2 × f;
total switching loss:
, Grid tie inverter ; Pcf = Ip × Vp × ts × f + (1/2) × ; Cds × Vc2 × f.
: Ip maximum current flowing through the device switching process;
Vp device switching withstand voltage maximum;
ts for the opening of the off-time;
f is the operating frequency;
Cds power MOSFET drain-source parasitic capacitance.
modern power theory: To reduce these losses, we must implement zero voltage or zero current transition of power switches, the resonant-type transformation structure.
photovoltaic system with small and medium-sized power the Development Outlook Inverter
resonant switching power supply with the development, the idea of ​​resonant converter is also used in the inverter power system constitutes a resonant high-efficiency power inverter. The inverter is a zero voltage or zero current switching technology is used in the DC / DC converter, and thus the switching loss largely can be eliminated, even when the switching frequency of more than more than 1MHz, the power efficiency will not be significantly reduced. Experimental results show: reduced by 30% to 40% in the case of the same working frequency, the loss of the resonance type transform comparable non-resonance type transform,power inverter. Currently, the operating frequency of the resonant power of up to 500kHz to 1MHz.
Also worth noting is that the PV system with small and medium-sized power inverter power source is moving modular direction, that is, using different combinations of modules, could constitute a different voltage waveform conversion system .
, power inverter ; There is no doubt that the PV system with a small power inverter power will using high-frequency transform circuit structure. Some technical details, also different from the the power inverter other occasions, such as, in addition to the pursuit of high reliability, high efficiency, should also characteristics of the photovoltaic industry, controls, inverters effectively combined, ie PV inverter power supply should be designed with over-voltage, under voltage, short circuit,  overheating, polarity reversed protection. Doing so not only reduces the cost of the system, and improve the reliability of the system.

With the continues specification of PV systems, high-frequency transform small and medium-sized power inverter power will be gradually recognized by the market, and its use will promote the benign development of the photovoltaic industry.

two-wire V / I converter

two-wire V / I converter

V / I converter is a can use the voltage signal the restraint output current of the circuit. Two-wire V / I converter with ordinary V / I conversion circuit different points in the voltage signal is not directly output current in moderation, but to grasp the current consumption of all circuits. At the same time, also extracted from the current loop stable voltage conditioning circuitry and sensor supply. The drawings are two-wire basis of V / I conversion circuit schematic diagram the OP1, Q1, R1, R2,Grid tie inverter, Rs forming a V / I converter. Parse if point A due to certain causes higher than 0V, the op-amp OP1 outputs elevated elevated Re voltage across, the current through the Re in larger negative feedback process. Proportionate to the overall power consumption becomes large, the current through the sampling resistor Rs becomes large, the voltage at point B becomes lower (negative). The result is A point voltage is pulled down through R2. Conversely, if the point A, due to some causes of lower than 0V, will be negative feedback raise back 0V. In summary, the results of negative feedback operational amplifier OP1 virtual short A point voltage = 0V. The following parse Vo gripping principle assumption of total power conditioning circuit output voltage is Vo, flows through the the R1 current I1 = Vo/R1 op amp input terminal can not receive current I1 of all flow through R2 B point voltage VB VB =-Vo power negative with all they feed circuit between only Rs =-I1 * R2 =-Vo * R2/R1 take R1 = R2, R2 two resistors, thus all of the current flowing through Rs with R2. R2 the upper end of the virtual ground (0V), Rs is the top GND. Therefore R2, Rs voltage across a complete, all that is VB.

Commensurate with current sampling resistor Rs and R2 in parallel as. Thus the total current Is of the circuit = VO / (Rs / / R2) if taken R2 >> Rs, Is = Vo / Rs Thus, in Figure 3, taken Rs = 100 ohms, when the regulating circuit when the output 04 ~ 2V, the total consumption of current 4 ~ 20mA if R2 >> Rs is not satisfied, it does not matter, Rs and R2 in parallel (Rs / / R2) is a fixed value Is Vo is still linear correlation, the error ratio coefficient can dispel calibration. In addition to the circuit accurate, the circuit malformations work is also need to two first power consumption as low as possible, save the current but also supply conditioning circuitry as well as transmitter. Second, request a single-supply op amps can work, that assumes power case, the input may still receive 0V input, and can work properly. LM358/324 is the most common but also the price of the lowest single-supply op amps, power consumption 400uA / per op amp simply can receive. Single-supply operation, the input is from-03V ~ Vcc-15V areas can be deformed. If replaced OP07 Narrow amplifier, but in this circuit, since the input does not allow as low as 0V, helpless work. R5 and U1 constitutes a reference source, 25V stable reference voltage occurs. LM385 micropower basis of low cost, 20uA to work more the most flat curve given in the manual 100uA neighboring, the current so dominated by R5 100uA about. OP2 constitute a same amplifier, the benchmark amplification, power conditioning circuitry and sensors. Regulator sparse wide input voltage, low-power, high cost; benchmark enlarged as regulated power supply is a cheap plan,power inverter. The partial circuit may also be a choice of off-the-shelf integrated circuits. For example XTR115/116/105, etc., accuracy and stability than homemade good, its own power consumption is also lower (a symbol can stay more current conditioning circuit and conditioning departments more easily design).

Capital but more than 10 times higher than the plan
two-wire pressure transmitter design
the pressure on the bridge, load cell output signal renaissance men belong mV level signals. This type of small-signal individual request to its first-stage amplifier with a differential amplifier. Ordinary selection of low offset, low temperature drift of the differential amplifier. In addition, the use of two-wire, low power consumption is required. The AD623 is commonly used in low-power fine differential amplifier, is commonly used in the differential output before amplification. AD623 the imbalance maximum 200uV, and temperature floating 1uV / degree, use of protection in individual pressure transmitter with sufficient accuracy. R0 to 04V superimposed on the the AD623 REF feet (5 feet), swap R0 pressure = 0 case to make the output 4mA, and then swap RG output 2000mA, and calibration. Circuit design required careful and proportionate to the pressure bridge sensors in a kilohms resistance, power consumption normally relatively large.

The appropriate decline pressure bridge encouragement voltage current consumption can be reduced. However, the output amplitude also will land, the need to progress the AD623 gain. Figure 6 shows the sensor to take a constant voltage power supply, the semiconductor pressure sensor of the actual utilization of large local caliber of a constant current power supply is required good temperature characteristics, and be able to use an op amp constant current source is formed and its supply encouraged. http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

FreescalePXS20 three-phase solar inverter solution

company PXS20

Freescale Power Architecture microcontroller 32-bit dual-core dual launch to meet safety standards IEC61511 and IEC61508 (SIL3) components to reduce design complexity and reduce. PXS20 using high-performance e200z4d nuclear double-core frequency up to 120MHz, dual emission-stage pipeline core, variable length encoding (VLE), integrated memory management unit (MMU), and signal processing engine, 4KB instruction cache with error detection code, mainly used in consumer electronics, industrial control,power inverter, solar inverters, robotics and motor control. article describes the main features of PXS20, block diagram, as well as the basic architecture of solar using PXS20 control of three-phase inverter 1kW, 3kW, 10kW and greater than 10kW and micro- Chart of the solar inverter three-phase inverter solutions.

The PXS20 family of 32-bit Power Architecture ® microcontrollers is designed to specifically address the requirements of the safety standards IEC61511 and IEC61508 (SIL3). It reduces design complexity and component count by putting key functional safety features on a single chip with a dual-core, dual-issue architecture, which can be statically switched between lockstep mode (redundant processing and calculations) to decoupled parallel mode (independent core operation). The PXS20 microcontrollers are SafeAssure solutions.

The PXS20 series microcontrollers are system-on-chip devices that are built on Power Architecture technology and contain enhancements that improve the architecture's fit in embedded applications, include additional instruction support for digital signal processing (DSP) and integrate technologies such as an enhanced time processor unit, enhanced queued analog-to-digital converter, Controller Area Network, and an enhanced modular input-output system.

The PXS20 family of 32-bit microcontrollers is the latest achievement in integrated safety controllers. The advanced and cost-efficient host processor core of the PXS20 family complies with the Power Architecture embedded category. It operates at speeds as high as 120 MHz and offers high-performance processing optimized for low power consumption. It capitalizes on the available development infrastructure of current Power Architecture devices and is supported with software drivers, operating systems and configuration code to assist with users' implementations

PXS20 main features:

• High-performance e200z4d dual core

- 32-bit Power Architecture ® technology CPU

- Core frequency as high as 120 MHz

- Dual issue five-stage pipeline core

- Variable Length Encoding (VLE)

- Memory Management Unit (MMU)

- 4 KB instruction cache with error detection code

- Signal processing engine (SPE)

• Memory available

- 1 MB flash memory with ECC

- 128 KB on-chip SRAM with ECC

- Built-in RWW capabilities for EEPROM emulation

• SIL3/ASILD innovative safety concept: LockStep mode and Fail-safe protection

Sphere of replication (SoR) for key components (such as CPU core, eDMA, crossbar switch)

- Fault collection and control unit (FCCU)

- Redundancy control and checker unit (RCCU) on outputs of the SoR connected to FCCU

- Boot-time Built-In Self-Test for Memory (MBIST) and Logic (LBIST) triggered by hardware

- Boot-time Built -In Self-Test for ADC and flash memory triggered by software

- Replicated safety enhanced watchdog

- Replicated junction temperature sensor

- Non- maskable interrupt (NMI)

- 16-region memory protection unit (MPU)

- Clock monitoring units (CMU)

- Power management unit (PMU)

- Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) unit

• Decoupled Parallel mode for high-performance use of replicated cores

• Nexus Class 3 + interface

• Interrupts

- Replicated 16-priority controller

- Replicated 16-channel eDMA controller

• GPIOs individually programmable as input, output or special function

• Three 6-channel general-purpose eTimer units

• 2 FlexPWM units

- Four 16-bit channels per module

• Communications interfaces

- 2 LINFlexD channels

- 3 DSPI channels with automatic chip select generation

- 2 FlexCAN interfaces (2.0B Active) with 32 message objects

FlexRay module (V2.1 Rev. A) with 2 channels, 64 message buffers and data rates up to 10 Mbit / s

• Two 12-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)

- 16 input channels

- Programmable cross triggering unit ( CTU) to synchronize ADCs conversion with timer and PWM

• Sine wave generator (D / A with low pass filter)

• On-chip CAN / UART bootstrap loader

• Single 3.0 V to 3,power inverter.6 V voltage supply

• Ambient temperature range -40 ℃ to 125 ℃

• Junction temperature range -40 ℃ to 150 the ℃

PXS20 target application:

Consumer:

Boiler Heating Control Industrial

the
Programmable Logic Control (PLC) < br />
Input-Output Control (I / O Control)

Off-Grid Solar Power Inverters

Commercial Solar Power Inverters

Residential Solar Power Inverters

Unmanned Vehicles (Ground, Air,Grid tie inverter, Water)

Motion Control

Process Control

Robot Manipulator

Robotic Arm

Medical / Healthcare

Anesthesia Unit Monitor

Ventilators and Respirators

Motor Control
The
Stepper Motor

Figure 1. PXS20 block diagram

solar PXS20 control three-phase inverter

Solar Panel 3-Phase Inverter Controlled by of the PXS20

Today, the demand for green energy is very strong. One possible option for meeting this demand is to convert solar energy into electrical energy. This process is supported by the photovoltaic (PV) solar panel, which produces various DC output voltages and output power.

In the conversion from DC to AC power, dedicated inverters maintain the right working point for the solar panel to maximize its use of solar energy. Freescale Semiconductor's processors built on Power Architecture ® technology are well suited for the control of such inverters. Freescale offers a broad portfolio of PX microcontrollers built on Power Architecture technology for power management and motor control applications. The target portfolio for these devices includes consumer, industrial, and other markets. One microcontroller from the PX Series of Power Architecture devices can control the whole 3-phase inverter in various configurations and output power.

Figure 2. diagram of the solar basic framework of the three-phase inverter

Figure 3. using H-bridge topology solar three-phase inverter the PWM connection block diagram

The demonstrator uses a standard PXS20 - controller board and a 3-phase inverter analog board that can support an H-bridge or H5 topology. The input of each phase is represented by the isolated 15V DC power supplies (replacing the solar panels in this demonstrator). The control and measurement circuitry can be powered by the separated DC power source, or by one of the phase power sources,  http://www.gridtieinverter.de/

Figure 4. solar outline drawing of the three-phase inverter demo board

Figure 5. less than 1kW solar three-phase inverter solutions

Figure 6. less than solar 3kW solar three-phase inverter solutions

Figure 7,Grid tie inverter. less than 10kW three-phase inverter control solutions

Figure 8. greater than 10kW solar three-phase inverter solutions

9 solar micro inverter solutions
details, please See: